Scabbard type fuel cell



April 16, 1968 M. .1. D|oTALEv| ETAL 3,378,4044

SCABBARD TYPE FUEL CELL Filed April l0, 1963 5 Sheets-Sheet l FIG@ if M.J. DIOTALEVI ETAL 3,378,404

SCABBARD TYPE FUEL CELL 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 5 W 7 M w W w8! O/ f ,0.14 S w. A \.1 (S w uw QN wm QN N Y Nw mi@ Il.. m. EN sw um QN h n wm n W A. u NV I x L April 16, 1968 Filed April 1o, 1963 A Z LQ N m L@ M w wh.

April 16, 196s MJ. DIOTALEVI ETAL 3,318,404

SCABBARD TYPE FUEL CELL 5 Sheets-Sheet :5

Filed April 1o. 1963 April 16 .1968 M. J. DICTALl-:vl ETAL 3,378,404

SCABBARD TYPE FUEL CELL Filed'April 1o. 19633 5 sheets-shee-ts F-IGB 2/0 ze@ 4%, 5 2M 20a 234 238 260 208 Ud az 225 250 230 Z7@ 304 220 ZZ 282 30@ www United States Patent O 3,378,404 SCABBARD TYPE FUEL CELL Mario I. Diotalevi, Somers, and Robert W. Dixon, Glastonbury, Conn., assignors, by mesne assignments, to Leesona Corporation, Cranston, RJ., a corporation of Massachusetts Filed Apr. l0, 1963, Ser. No. 272,153 8 Claims. (Cl. 13o-86) This invention relates to fuel cells and more particularly to scabbard type fuel cells.

lt has been conventional practice in the past to fabricate fuel cells of the plate type wherein a fuel and oxidizer electrode are positioned on opposite sides of an electrolyte chamber, with the entire assembly being made in stacked or pancake fashion. In view of the fact that the fuel cell container must be hermetically sealed and because the various reactants and electrolytes used in fuel cells, particularly of the hydrogenoxygen type, must be hermetically sealed from one another, and because the electrolyte and some of the reactants have a highly corrosive effect upon all known sealing material, it is an object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell in which the size of the fuel cell, the weight of the fuel cell, the amount of scaling area required in the fuel cell can be substantially reduced.

It is an object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell including a sheath member having an open end or side, which sheath member is either hollow, or contains some of the electrodes and reactant chambers, and further including an electrode-cover assembly comprising either some or all of the electrodes and reactant and electrolyte chambers projecting from and supported from a cover member, which cover member fits into said sheath member open end or side and is hermetically sealed thereto to produce the hermetically sealed fuel cell container. The electrode and cover assembly ts into the sheath in sword-in-scabbard fashion.

It is still a further object in this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell in which all reactant and electrolyte entry and scavenge ports and the electrical takeoffs are positioned on a single side, preferably the cover side, of the fuel cell.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell in which the electrode-cover assembly previously mentioned includes a centrally located oxidizer chamber positioned between two spaced oxidizer electrodes, and two separate or two joined electrolyte chambers outwardly thereof, and two fuel electrodes outwardly of theelectrolyte chambers, and two fuel chambers outwardly of the fuel electrodes, and still further, preferably having an inert gas blanket between the aforementioned sheath and the electrode assembly.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach such a fuel cell wherein the reactant chambers are reversed.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell including an insulating device extending between the oxidizer electrodes and the fuel electrodes and their associated parts, which insulator serves the further function of preventing an oscillating pumping action of the electrolyte between the electrolyte chambers on opposite sides of the oxidizer electrodes when the cell is subjected to vibration.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell which includes an expandable bellows or diaphragm throughout the major portion of the electrolyte chamber and which fuel cell is rigid only at the end opposite to the bellows mechanism, and wherein said bellows mechanism forms an inert gas chamber with the aforementioned sheath to receive pressurized ice inert gas selectively chosen so as to pressurize the electrolyte chamber contained within said bellows mechanism, and thereby establish a pressure drop across the various fuel cell electrodes, which are preferably of a dual porosity construction and made of nickel.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell including provisions for heating said electrolyte to reduce relative thermal expansion problems between the parts involved.

It is a further object of this invention to teach such a scabbard type fuel cell which is preferably of substantially rectangular shape, reminiscent of a tobacco can, and wherein said heater arrangement covers or affects all but the cover side thereof, thereby allowing heat to leak out of the cover side during cycling.

it is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell in which the only electrolyte seal which is required is a small ring-type seal located in said cover member. This seal will preferably be made of Teflon or brazed SiaN., or brazed ThO2.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell in which the various hermetically sealed chambers may be pressure tested and the various electrodes tested before the final hermetic seal is made between the hollow sheath member and the cover mem-4 ber, thereby producing in iinal form a hermetically sealed fuel cell container which has been fully tested in advance of iinal weldment.

lt is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell which may be of any desired shape but which is preferably rectangular.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell with all reactant and electrolyte lines and power take-offs located on one side thereof to adapt it to module assembly with other similar fuel cells and which is adaptable for electrical connection to include one or more spare cells which may be readily electrically connected to the other fuel cells as a substitute for a cell which may have failed in operation.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard fuel cell in which detonation between the various reactants is reduced because internally they are separated by the electrolyte compartment and external leakage will dissipate to atmosphere.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type, folded fuel cell wherein the oXidizer is hermetically sealed by integrally or permanently connected members from the inert gas blanket, thereby eliminating explosion hazards, and wherein certain insulators are strategically positioned to prevent pumping of electrolyte due to fuel cell vibration between the various portions of the electrolyte chambers.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard type fuel cell utilizing a simplified follow-up device which is required to maintain sealing pressures in the event of plastic seal material deformation and consists of a spring, preferably Belleville.

It is still a further object of this invention to teach a scabbard-type fuel cell wherein one of the reactant chambers, preferably the oxidizer chamber, requires no backup plate.

lt is still a further object of this invention to teach such a scabbard type fuel cell wherein the sheath consists of two joined reactant electrodes and reactant chamber definf ing members.

Other features and advantages will be apparent from the specification and claims and from the accompanying drawings which illustrate an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a side view of our scabbard-type fuel cell, partially broken away to illustrate interior construction.

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional View of our scabbard-type fuel cell.

FIG. 3 is a top view of our scabbard-type fuel cell showing the cover member.

FIG. 4 is a partial showing of a scabbard-type fuel cell without the outer sheath.

FIG. 5 is a showing of the reactant supply system used in our scabbard-type fuel cell with certain associated parts broken away and with other parts totally removed so as not to obscure the important parts of the reactant conveying system.

FIG. 6 is a showing similar to FIG. 5 but is a modification thereof to permit the use of similar parts.

FIG. 7 is a partial showing of an alternate-type of diaphragm to be used in our scabbard-type fuel cell.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged showing of the corrosive resistant and electrical insulating seal used to position reactant conveying tubing as it passes through the cover or other wall mechanism of the hermetically sealed fuel cell container or other corrosive salt container.

FIG. 9 is a modified version of the seal shown in FIG. 6.

By definition, a fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts the chemical energy of two reactants directly into electrical energy. In contrast to a voltaic cell, the electrodes of the fuel cell are not consumed. Instead, they provide the electron transfer site to which a continuous stream of reactants are fed from outside the cell. The specific reactants supplied to a fuel cell must be (l) oxygen or air and (2) either a conventional fuel or a material easily derived from a conventional fuel.

The process of electrolysis, in which electrical energy is consumed to separate water into its component elements of hydrogen and oxygen, has been known for many years. As long ago as 1842, an English chemist, W. R. Grove, described an experiment in which the process was reversed to release electrical energy by combining oxygen and hydrogen. A few years later, in 1889, Mond and Langer described a continuous feed hydrogen-oxygen battery remarkably similar to many of the approaches being followed today to produce an eliicient fuel cell.

Subsequently, many workers have attempted to use the principles of the fuel cell to obtain electrical energy from coal and hydrocarbons since these fuels are more readily available than pure hydrogen and oxygen gases. Except for the efforts of F. T. Bacon in England, who successfully engineered a hydrogen-oxygen cell to the stage of demonstrating a five KW system, no real progress was made until about six years ago. At that time, the fuel cell once more caught the attention of many academic and industrial concerns. With the availability of more modern technologies, significant progress has been made. This progress is exemplified by the fact that the electrical power requirements of the manned Apollo space craft, which is intended to reach the moon, will be supplied by a fuel cell, rather than by conventional batteries or generators.

The greatest single advantage of the fuel cell is high efficiency, The fuel cell operates isothermally and obtains electrical energy directly from the ordered and oriented movement of ions and electrons which occur during reaction. Other advantages of the fuel cell are silent operation, clean exhaust, ease of maintenance and desirable power characteristics. Another advantage of the fuel cell is that its eiciency is independent of its size because several fuel cells may be joined in modular construction to form a fuel cell pack which produces substantially greater power but at the same efficiency as the small individual cells.

Our scabbard-type fuel cell is well adapted for use with the hydrogen-oxygen type fuel cell described in good particularity in U.S. Patent No. 2,716,670. The oxidizer to be used in our fuel cell is preferably oxygen gas (O2) operating at 60 p.s.i. and 250 C., the fuel is preferably hydrogen gas (H2) operating at 60 p.s.i. and 250 C., and the electrolyte is preferably potassium hydroxide (KOH) operating at 53 p.s.i. and at a temperature of 250 C. Preferably the electrodes are made of nickel and are of dual porosity, that is they are composed of two different pore sizes in separate layers, to present different pore sizes to the reactants than are presented to the electrolyte. The reactant gas pressure is adjusted so that the liquid is expelled from the coarse pores but not from the fine pores, thus establishing the gas-liquid interface within the porous electrode. The electrode structure is optimized to give the largest possible three-phase reaction zone.

In operation, at the cathode, oxygen gas reacts with the water from the electrolyte and electrons from the electrode to form hydroxyl ions. These ions -travel through the electrolyte to the anode. At the anode they react with hydrogen gas producing water and electrons. Half the water goes into the electrolyte to replace that used up at the cathode. The other half of the water, the product of the overall reaction, is evaporated at the anode. The electrons produced at the anode tiow around the external circuit producing electrical energy and return to the cathode. A continuous reaction is thus sustained which does not deplete the electrolyte.

In practice, water due to the chemical reactions just described accumulates in the fuel electrode chamber and must be removed therefrom to maintain the electrolyte concentration at the proper value for optimum performance and to limit the electrolyte volume changes that must be accommodated by the bellows. If this water were not removed it would cause the electrolyte concentration to dilute and will eventually flood the water-producing electrode, thereby eliminating the interface and cause a gradual power decay.

While the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, just described, has the advantages previously enumerated, it has certain disadvantages in its present form in that the best known electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, is highly corrosive and hence substantial problems are involved in sealing and electrically insulating the various fuel cell parts when introducing reactants and electrolyte into and removing such materials from the hermetically sealed fuel cell container. In the past, fuel cells have been made in plate or pancake form with the electrolyte positioned between oxidizer and fuel electrodes and with the fuel and oxidizer chamber positioned on opposite sides of and outwardly of the electrodes. In this construction, one oxidizer, electrolyte, and fuel chamber each are provided and, in view of the fact that the centrally located electrolyte chamber extends around the full periphery of the fuel cell unit, sealing is required around the full fuel cell periphery. In our scabbard-type fuel cell, which will now be described in greater particularity, a single centrally located reactant chamber, preferably the oxidizer chamber, is positioned between two oxidizer electrodes and two electrolyte chambers are positioned outwardly of the oxidizer electrodes with two fuel electrodes and two fuel chambers positioned outwardly thereof. Thus, a single oxidizer chamber is reacting with electrolyte through two electrodes, which electrolyte is in turn reacting with fuel through two additional electrodes.

In our scabbard-type fuel cell, the aforementioned electrodes and the mechanism defining the aforementioned chambers project from a fuel cell cover such that the electrode cover unit may be received in a hollow, openended sheath with the cover member lling the sheaths open end and being hermetically jointed thereto.

Referring to FIG. l, we see scabbard or folded type fuel cell 10 which consists basically of two main pieces, namely, hollow sheath and electrode assembly 12, which includes sheath 11 and the fuel electrodes and chambers to be described hereinafter and cover-electrode mechanism 14 which carries the remaining electrodes and reactant chamber defining mechanism as an integral part thereof. rlhe electrolyte chamber is formed between sheath assembly 12 and cover assembly 14. While sheath-electrode assembly 12 could be of any shape and made of any number of pieces, it is preferably of substantially rectangular shape, reminiscent of a tobacco can, open at one side 16. Cover-electrode mechanism 14 including the electrode assembly unit 47 to be described hereinafter, is inserted in sword-into-scabbard fashion into sheath and electrode assembly 12 so as to position the oxidizer electrodes within the electrolyte cavity 36 and 38 while cover member 2i), which supports electrode assembly 47 and includes provisions for reactant electrolyte passage therethrough and electrical take-off thereform, fills open end 16 of sheath 11 and i-s Welded thereto by a continuous weld as at 22 so as to cooperate with sheath 11 in defining and establishing a hermetically sealed chamber for fuel cell operation.

The electrodes are best shown in FIG. 2 and include oxidizer electrodes 24 and 26 positioned symmetrically about axis 28 to define oxidizer chamber 30 therebetween. Electrodes 24 and 26 are sealably joined about their periphery so that chamber 30 is sealed. Flow separators 29 (see FIG. 1) in chamber 30 support electrodes 24 and 26 against the differential pressure and cause uniform oxidizer flow. Fuel electrodes 32 and 34 are positioned outwardly of oxidizer electrodes 24 and 26 to definev electrolyte chamber or chambers 36 and 38 therebetween.

Both the oxidizer electrodes 24 and 26 and the fuel electrodes 32 and 34 are of the dual porosity or biporous type more fully described in British Patent No. 871,95() so as to define an interface in each electrode for the electrolyte which enters through electrode walls of a given porosity to chemically interact with either the fuel or oxidizer which enters through electrode wal-ls of a different porosity. A selected pressure difference is established between the electrolyte and the fuel and oxidizer to cause the interaction interface to be established at the desired point within the dual porosity electrolyte. The electrodes are preferably made of nickel or a nickel alloy.

Back-up plate mechanism 40 includes plates 42 and 44 positioned outwardly of fuel electrodes 32 and 34 so as to form a fuel chamber 33 and 35 with each. Back-up plate mechanism 40 has expandable bellows mechanism 46 attached to three sides of the periphery thereof and includes hairpin spring member 48 defining chamber 50 therewith'in. The purpose of the bellows mechanism 46- 48 is to seal electrolyte chamber 36 and 38 and to absorb differential thermal concentration expansion established during fuel cell operation. Cavity 50I may be used to receive an electrolyte temperature control or may be used as an instrument cavity. The electrolyte temperature control could a-lso be placed as shown at 52 at selected positions along the outboard or inboard side of sheath 12. Either temperature control would be heated or cooled by a separate electrical or other temperature varying source or by the operating cell and would perform the function of causing the electrolyte to change from solid to liquid state, initially in the vicinity of the tiexible bel-lows during start-up and then throughout the system and return to the solid state last during cool down to insure that the flexible bellows 46 is available to absorb the relative thermal expansion encountered between parts during both lprocesses. The electrolyte temperature control also controls electrolyte temperature during all other operating conditions. Back-up plate mechanism 40 cooperates with sheath 12 to define inert gas chamber 60 therebetween. A modified form of bellows is shown in FIG. 5.

lPreferably, back-np mechanism 40 and fuel electrodes 24 and 26 are sealably joined together through fuel conduit syste'm 79 (see FIGS. 5 and 6) to form fuel chambers 33 and 35 and sheath 11 is then sealably joined thereto to form in'ert gas chamber 60 therebetween and to rform sheath-electrode assembly 12. The cover-electrode mechanism 14, which includes oxidizer electrodes 24 and 26 forming oxidizer chamber 30 an-d oxidizer conduit system 19 passing through cover 20, is then inserted in sword-in-scabbard fashion into sheath-electrode assembly 6 11-2 and sealably joined thereto by a continuous weld at 22.

Oxidizer, preferably oxygen (O2), enters the fuel cell mechanism 10 through conduit 62 (see FIGS. 1 and 3) and may be withdrawn from fuel cell 10 through conduit 64 or vice versa, each of which sealably pass through cover 20 so that oxidizer cavi-ty 30 remains sealed. The oxygen is thus caused to fill oxid'izer cavity 30` after lcover-electrode mechanism 14 has been welded to sheath 122. Oxygen is caused to liow through cavity 30 only for purposes of start-up purge and for purposes of replenishing a contaminated oxygen supply. Continuous oxygen how is expected not to be necessary and hence once the chamber 30 is filled, oxygen will not be drawn off. To provide the necessary electrolyte-reactant pressure differential, to be discussed further hereinafter, the oxygen is provided into chamber 30 by appropriate pressurizing means (not shown) so as to establish oxygen in chamber 3i! at the pressure of 60 p.s.i.

The electrolyte, some corrosive salt such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), is passed into electrolyte chamber or chambers 36 and 38 through electrolyte fill duct 70 and is vented therefrom through vent 72 until chambers 36 and 3'8 are fully purged and filled, at which time t-he fill-and vent tubes 70 and 72 are sealed off so that the electrolyte is entrfapped in the completely filled electrolyte chamber or chambers 36 and 38. Tubes 70 and 72 sealably pass through cover 20 so that chamber 36 and 38 remains sealed. Fuel, such as hydrogen (H2), enters the fuel cell through conduit and then enters manifold 82 which includes conduits 84 and 86 which extend along one side of the fuel ch'ambers 33 and 35 and are welded to both the fuel electrodes 32 and 3'4 and the back-up plate mechanism 40 and include a plurality of apertures such as 88 and 90, preferably extending along the entire side dimension of the fuel chambers 33 and 3S so as to place the interiors of tubes 84 and 86 into commun-ication with the fuel cavities 33 and 35. Exhaust lines, including tulbes 94 and 96 extend, respectively, from tubes 84 and 86 and include perforations 98 and 100 which @place the interiors of conduits 94 and 96, which are welded to fuel electrodes 32 and 34 and to back-up plate mechanism 40, into communication with the interior of the fuel cavities 3-'3 and 35. The fuel which enters conduit '80 passes into manifold 82 and then through ducts 84 and 86 and through apertures 88 and 90, then through fuel cavities 33 and 35 and then through apertures 98 and into exhaust lines 94 and 96 and eventually out `the fuel discharge line 104. Coniduits 80 and 104 sealably pass through cover 20. A preferred embodiment of the fuel con'duit construction is shown in greater part-icularity and in isolated form in FIG. 6 and will be described in greater particularity hereinafter. It will be noted, however, that due to this fuel manifolding construction, fuel of the same purity is passed uniformly through the fuel cavities 33 and 35 and serves to pick up water which collects in the fuel chambers as a result of the chemical reactions taking place between the electrolyte and the fuel in fuel electrodes 32 and 34 and discharge such Water out'of the fuel cell through conduit 104. This water vapor may then be condensed for uses such as drinking water on space missions.

An inert gas, such as nitrogen (N2) is passed through tube 106, as shown in FIG. 3, and fills cavity 60 between sheath 11 and back-up mechanism 40. Both the fuel and the oxidizer have been introduced to their respective chambers at a pressure of 60 p.s.i. The nitrogen is introduced into chamber 60 at a pressure of 53 p.s.i. Due to the compressive action of bellows 46-48, the electrolyte within chambers 36 and 38 is pressurized at this 53 p.s.i., thereby establishing a 7 p.s.i. pressure differential .between the electrolyte and both .the fuel and the oxidizer. This pressure differential combines with the dual porosity feature of the electrodes to establish the chemical interaction interface at the desired position within the fuel and oxidizer electrodes t-o establish chemical reaction to produce electrical energy.

The electrical energy generated by the chemical fuel cell action is taken off at take-offs from opposite polarity terminals such as 110 on cover 20 and 112 on conduits 62 and 64.

It will be obvious that scabbard type fuel cells such as may be nested together in any convenient number and have their electrical take-offs combined in known fashion so as to produce electrical power of any desired intensity. Nested or module scabbard fuel cells, of any number, could be placed with covers in proximity so that common reactant, electrolyte and inert gas lines may be used.

Element 120 projects from oxidizer electrodes 24 and 26 and serves to electrically insulate them from the bellows element 46-48 of the back-up plate mechanism 40 which is connected to the fuel electrodes and also serves as a damper mechanism to prevent the electrolyte from pumping back and forth between electrolyte chambers 36 and 38.

Preferably, sheath 11 is made of nickel, back-up plates and bellows are made of nickel, and cover 20 is made of nickel.

As best shown in FIG. 4, our scabbard type fuel cell 10 could be made with sheath 11 and hence inner gas chamber 60 omitted. In this configuration, back-up member unit 40 forms the outer covering and supports the fuel electrodes and is hermetically sealed to cover member 14 at 22. The oxidizerclectrode mechanism 47 is carried by cover member 1'4 and received in scabbard fashion into the sheath-electrode mechanism 12. In this construction, it will be noted that the electrolyte is not pressurized by the inner gas chamber.

It will be obvious to .those skilled in the art that the oxidizer and fuel chambers and electrodes could have been used interchanged from that shown in FIGS. 1-4; namely, with the fuel being centrally located in chamber 30 and the oxidizer on opposite sides externally thereof in chambers 33 and 35.

While in applicants preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the oxidizer electrodes only are part of the coverelectrode unit 14 and the fuel electrodes and backup plate member are part of sheath-electrode unit 12. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that cover-electrode unit 14 could include both the oxidizer and fuel electrodes as Well as the back-up plate member 40. In such a construction, all of the electrodes, reactant chambers, and electrolyte chambers would be attached to cover 20 and be inserted in sword fashion therewith into sheath 11.

Referring to FIG. 6 we see a preferred embodiment of the fuel cell reactant supply means 79 in greater particularity. While it will be described in connection with the providing of fuel to the scabbard type fuel cell, it should be borne in mind that it is equally applicable in use to providing the oxidizer or fuel to any type fuel cell. FIG. 6 shows the conduit mechanisms 79 involved in form separated from the remainder of the fuel cell 10 but fragmentary showings of the fuel chambers defining W-all members, to which the reactant supply conduits are attached, are shown in broken away fashion, for the purpose of complete illustration.

Fuel passes through cover plate member 20 in conduit 80. Conduit 80 splits into two parallel lines 84 and 86 which pass across the top of the fuel chambers 33 and 35. Parallel ow lines 84 and 86 eventually terminate at ends 85 and 87 adjacent outlet conduit 104 which seal-ably passes through fuel cell cover member 20. It will be noted that the fuel flow into and out of fuel supply mechanism 79 is from the same side, and preferably the cover side, of the fuel cell device. Apertures, preferably in the form of equally spaced holes 88 and 90, are positioned in parallel conduits 84 and 86 to extend the yfull length of the fuel chambers 33 yand 35 and place the interior of the fuel chambers into communication with the interior of ducts 84 and 86. Exhaust lines 94 and 96 originate at ends 93 and 95 near parallel lines 84 and 86, respectively, and pass down one Wall or side of the rectangular fuel chambers 33 and 35 and then across the bottom thereof and then up the opposite side thereof to join outlet conduit 104 which sealably passes out through cover 20. The legs 97 and 99 of exhaust lines 96 and 94, which are opposite to the parallel conduit lines 84 and 86 include apertures 98 and 100, which are prefer-ably equally spaced circular holes extending along the full dimension thereof so as to extend along the full side or bot-tom of the fuel chamber 33 and 35.

Conduits 84 and 86 together with conduits 94 and 96 are preferably Welded to the fuel electrodes 32 and 34 and back-up plate member 40, sections 42 and 44, so as to cooperate therewith in defining fuel chambers 33 and 35.

As best shown in FIG. 6, the reactant enters conduit and then passes along the full length of parallel conduits 84 and 86 and is discharged therefrom as shown by the arrows, through apertures 88 and 90, respectively, and then ows through the fuel chambers 33 and 35 and aperture 98 and 10i) into exhaust conduits 94 and 96, respectively, and then jointly into scavenge or exhaust outlet condit 104.

Another possible construction would be to position conduits 84 and 86 and 94 and 96 outwardly of the back-up plate member 40 and provide apertures in the back-up plate member corresponding to apertures 98 and 100 and 88 and 90 of the above mentioned conduits for purposes of admittance of fuel into the fuel chambers.

It will also be evident that if this reactant supply system were to be used with a fuel cell which was not of the scabbard type, provisions could be made therefor by merely eliminating one or the other of the parallel conduits 84 or 86 and the corresponding lexhaust lines 94 and 96 therefrom.

The advantage of this particular reactant supply system 79 is that the reactant is admitted and discharged from one side of the fuel cell only and pure reactant is provided uniformly throughout the entire fuel chamber volume to pick up and remove the water which has been deposited therein due to the chamical reaction in the electrode. In other known constructions, the fuel is passed through the fuel chamber in serpentine or other type fashion wherein the fuel is contaminated in the early portion of its flow and contaminated fuel only reaches certain sections of the fuel chambers.

It migh be advisable to provide stagnation abatement holes 101 and 103 in conduits 94 and 96 for the purpose of completely purging the conduits.

A second fuel supply embodiment 79 is shown in FIG. 7 and operates in somewhat similar fashion to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 but provides reverse flow through the respective fuel chambers 33 and 35 as indicated by arrows therein and has the advantage of being fabricated from two precisely similar parts, namely elements 81 and 83. Element 81 includes inlet conduit 80', conduit 84' and exhaust conduit 96. Element 83 includes scavenger exhaust conduit 104', conduit 86', and exhaust conduit 94. Wherever possible similar reference numerals are used with a prime in FIG. 7 to correspond to those used in FIG. 6.

It will be obvious from the showing of the FIG. 7 construction and the arrows included therewith that reactant iiows into inlet conduit 80 and then splits into con duit 82'. A portion of the reactant in conduit 82 goes into conduit 84 and from there through apertures 88 and downwardly through the reactant chamber 33 and thence through apertures 98' into exhaust line 94' and out exhaust conduit 104. The remainder of the reactant which enters inlet conduit 80 and splits into conduit 82 flows through lines 96' thence through conduits 100 then upwardly through reactant chamber 35', then through apertures then through conduit 86 for discharge through discharge conduit 104'.

From this description of the FIG. 6 construction, it will be obvious that the reactant iiows in opposite directions in the two reactant chambers 33 and 35 and that the two parts which form the reactant conduit system 79 are identical and are members 81 and 83.

Referring to FIG. 8 we see a cross-sectional and enlarged showing of the wall of a corrosive fluid container such as cover member 20 of scabbard fuel cell 10. Container cover 20 has passage 200 extending therethrough and defined by container cover walls 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, and 210, each of which is either radially extending or of circular cross-section and concentric about passage axis 212.

It will be noted that sections 202, 205 and 210 are cylindrical in shape about axis 212 whereas sections 204 and 206 are radially extending with respect to axis 212 and thatY section 208 is tapered or conical with respect to axis 212.

Tube member 220 extends concentrically through passage 200 and includes tension stud 222, bolt head 224, both of which have centrally located and axially aligned boresA 226 and 228 through which the fluid or gas such as the oxidizer or fuel will pass. Tie bolt 222 and head 224 are threadably connected as shown by cooperating threads 225. Tube mechanism 220 further includes sleeve member 230, which is either an integral part of or brazed or welded to tie bolt head 224 forming a sleeve over tie bolt 222, with sleeve 230 and bolt head 224 so joined, either the material of plastic seal 300 nor the corrosive salt from passage 200 may pass therethrough. Tube member 220 further includes thrust bushing 232 and spring cover 234 which cooperate to dene adjustable spring chamber 236 therebetween. Coil spring 238 extends concentrically around axis 212 and between surfaces 240 and 242 of thrust bushing 232 and spring cover 234 respectively. Nut 250, which threadably engages tie bolt 222 along threaded section 252 thereof, is used to adjust the tension of spring 238 within spring cavity 236. By calibration, the amount of force which is imposed upon spring 238 can be determined by the size of gap 260 which exists between surface 240 of thrust bushing 232 and surface 262 of spring cover 234.

Bolt head 224 is provided with radially extending shoulder 264, which shoulder cooperates with radially extending shoulder 206 of cover 20 passage wall, sleeve 230 and surface 205 to define a substantially annular space of rectangular cross section 270, which is snugly lled by insulator ring 272. It will further be noted that container passage walls 210, 208, 206, 205, 204, and 202 form an annular passage with tube vmember 220, and particularly with sleeve 230 thereof. Insulator ring 280 extends snugly between the outer surface 282 of sleeve 230 and the inner surface 210 of the walls of passage 200. Insulator ring 280 is in contact with thrust bushing 232 which, due to the urging of spring 238, urges insulator ring 280 rightwardly as shown in FIG. 8. It will further be noted `that insulator rings 272 and 280 cooperate with cylindrical surface 282 of tube member 220-and the passage wall section 208 of cover 200 to define an annular cavity 290 therebetween. This annular cavity may be conical or tapered or rectangular so as to be of minimum radial dimension adjacent the insulator ring 272. Teflon seal 300 is placed within cavity 290 and serves either to completely fill said cavity as best shown in FIG. 9, or to till said cavity with the assistance of rubber O ring 302.

With the seal and insulator mechanism so assembled, it will be noted lthat the action of spring 238 tends to urge thrust plate 232 rightwardly and hence against insulator ring 280 to urge said insulator ring rightwardly yand to also urge spring cover 234 leftwardly. Said spring cover 234 abuts nut 250, which threadably engages tie rod 222, the action of spring 238 is .to urge the tie rod 222 v and bolt head 224 leftwardly. This leftward force on tie rod 222 causes cooperating shoulders 264 and 206 of container cover 20 and tube unit 220 respectively, to bear snugly against the radially extending surfaces 304 and 306 of insulator ring 272. This leftward urging of insulator ring 272 and the rightward urging of insulator ring 280 will serve to compress plastic seal ring 300, which may be made of Teon or -asbestos and buna S rub-ber, Trade #A-56 by Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. or other similar corrosive resistant plastics, tightly within annular cavity 290, thereby causing the plastic seal ring 300 to completely ill cavity 290. While these plastic materials such as Teiion are not completely impervious to the corrosive attack Iof the corrosive salt iiuids which pass `at times into passage 200 of container cover 20 and which will attempt to seep past the insulator ring 272 and the plastic seal ring 300, nevertheless by causing the shoulder-to-seal action just described, the amount of corrosive salt leakage therepast and into contact with the plastic seal ring 300 will be minimum. In addition, the compressive force so imposed upon the seal 300 will cause it to expand as much as possible Within annular chamber 290 and thereby till the void lost to corrosive action when the slight deterioration to which it is subjected does take place. Preferably, annular chamber 290 is wedge-shaped so as to present minimum Teiion to the insulator yring 272 and thereby additionally cut down the amount of corrosive action on seal 300.

It will lbe obvious to those skilled in the art that since the insulator rings 272 and 2-30 are received snugly between cylindrical surfaces 282 on their inner sides and cylindrical surfaces 205 and 210, respectively on their outer sides, that .these insulator rings will serve to concentrically position tube unit 220 and plastic seal ring 300 about axis 212.

While plastic seal material such as Teiion has the quality of leaking or liowing past any small opening offered to it when in compression, it will be noted that in this construction, since the insulator ring 280 bears snugly against the aforementioned cylindrical surfaces 282 and insulator ring 272 bears against radial surfaces 206 and 264 and 210, no such seepage possibility is provided because the plastic seal material is completely confined Within annular cavity or chamber 290.

Electric ins-ulator ring 272 is preferably made of a ceramic compatible with the corrosive salt used as an electrolyte, possibly thoria and insulator ring 280 is preferably made of an incompressible insulation material, such as A1203, not essentially compatible with the corrosive salt. lElastomer O ring 302 serves the function of providing followup action to the plastic seal, and in some instances may even be suicient, if used without spring 238, provided -that proper anchorage means is provided for electric insulator ring 280. This followup action is brought about `as the O ring 302 is brought into complete compression so as to assume a square cross-sectional shape, a tube 220 is .assembled within passage 200 of container cover 20'.

While as described herein, passage 200 and tube member 220 are described to be of circular cross section, it Will be obvious to those skilled in the art -that other cross sectional shapes could have been chosen.

It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specilic embodiment herein illustrated and described but may be used in other ways without departure from its spirit as delined by the following claims.

We claim:

1. A fuel cell for generating electricity directly from a fuel and oxidant comprising a housing, fuel electrodes, oxidant electrodes, an electrolyte and means for feeding reactants to said cell characterized in that the cell comprises a sheath unit having an outer sheath having an open side, rst reactant electrodes having a first polarity and first reactant chambers for supplying re-actant to said first reactant electrodes located wit-hin said outer sheath and positioned in spaced relation on opposite sides of said outer sheath to define a hollow center therewithin,

a cover unit received in said sheath open side Iand hermetically joined thereto to produce a sealed container, said cover unit including two second reactant electrodes having a second and opposite polarity from said first polarity positioned by and extending from said cover unit to form a centrally located second reactant chamber between said second reactant electrodes in the approximate center of said hollow center of said sheath unit and cooperating with said sheath unit to define electrolyte chambers between said second reactant electrodes and said first react-ant electrodes, and a plate member extending across said outer sheath opening and being hermetically joined thereto.

2. A fuel cell according to claim 1 further characterized in that it includes a back-up member cooperating with said first reactant electrodes to form said first reactant chambers and cooperating with said outer sheath to form an inert gas chamber and includes an expendable bellows assembly at its end opposite from said plate member.

3. A fuel cell according to claim 2 further characterized in that said first reactant is an oxidizer, said first electrodes are oxidant electrodes, said second reactant is a fuel, and said second electrodes are fuel electrodes, and wherein said back-up member cooperates with said fuel electrodes and said oxidizer electrodes to form an electrolyte chamber therewith.

4. A fuel cell according to claim 3 further characterized in that said oxidizer is passed through a sealed joint passing through said plate member and entering said oxidizer chamber, and includes means for providing electrolyte to said electrolyte chambers, without disturbing said sealed container and further includes means for providing fuel to said fuel chambers, Without disturbing said sealed container and further includes means for pressurizing said fuel, oxidizer and electrolyte so provided without disturbing said sealed container.

5. A fuel cell according to claim 4 further characterized in that it includes heat control means to control the -heat of said electrolyte during both fuel cell start-up and cool-down periods of operation and during normal operation.

6. A fuel cell according to claim S further characterized in that it includes means to supply an inert gas to said inert gas chamber formed between said sheath and said back-up member, which inert gas is selectively pressurized to act through said bellows assembly to pressurize said electrolyte in said electrolyte chamber.

7. A fuel cell for generating electricity directly from a fuel and oxidant comprising a housing, fuel electrodes, oxidizing electrodes, an electrolyte and means for feeding reactant to said cell characterized in that it comprises a hollow sheath unit including a hollow sheath wit-h an open end, first and second electrodes having a first polarity positioned on opposite sides of said hollow sheath, and back-up plates positioned on opposite sides of and spaced from said first and second electrodes to form first reactant chambers for supplying reactant to said first reactant chambers, a cover unit including a cover member hermetically joined to said sheath at said open end to form a sealed container therewith and an electrode assem- Ibly extending from said cover member and into said hollow sheath unit, said electrode assembly including third and fourth electrodes having a second and opposite polarity from said first polarity centrally located within said sheath between said first and second electrodes and spaced apart to form a second reactant chamber between said third and fourth electrodes.

8. A fuel cell characterized in that it includes a hollow sheath with an open end and a cover unit including a cover member hermetically joined to said sheath at said open end to form a sealed container therewith and an electrode assembly extending from said cover member and into said hollow sheath, said electrode assembly including first and second electrodes having a first polarity centrally located within said sheath and spaced apart to form a first reactant chamber between said first and second electrodes for supplying reactant thereto, and third and fourth electrodes having a second and opposite polarity from said first polarity positioned on opposite sides of and spaced from said first and second electrodes to form at least one electrolyte chamber therebetween, said third and fourth electrodes andy said sheath being positioned to form two second reactant chambers for supplying reactant to said third and fourth electrodes.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,147,149 9/1964 Postal 136-86 3,220,937 '1l/1965 Friese et al. 136-86 X 3,226,263 12/1965 Oswin 136-86 X ALLEN B. CURTIS, Primary Examiner.

WINSTON A. DOUGLAS, Examiner.

A. SKAPARS, B. OHLENDORF, Assistant Examiners. 

1. A FUEL CELL FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY FROM A FUEL AND OXIDANT COMPRISING A HOUSING, FUEL ELECTRODES, OXIDANT ELECTRODES, AN ELECTROLYTE AND MEANS FOR FEEDING REACTANTS TO SAID CELL CHARACTERIZED IN THAT THE CELL COMPRISES A SHEATH UNIT HAVING AN OUTER SHEATH HAVING AN OPEN SIDE, FIRST REACTANT ELECTRODES HAVING A FIRST POLARITY AND FIRST REACTANT CHAMBERS FOR SUPPLYING REACTANT TO SAID FIRST REACTANT ELECTRODES LOCATED WITHIN SAID OUTER SHEATH AND POSITIONED IN SPACED RELATION ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF SAID OUTER SHEATH TO DEFINE A HOLLOW CENTER THEREWITHIN, A COVER UNIT RECEIVED IN SAID SHEATH OPEN SIDE AND HERMETICALLY JOINED THERETO TO PRODUCE A SEALED CONTAINER, SAID COVER UNIT INCLUDING TWO SECOND REACTANT ELECTRODES HAVING A SECOND AND OPPOSITE POLARITY FROM SAID FIRST POLARITY POSITIONED BY AND EXTENDING FROM SAID COVER UNIT TO FORM A CENTRALLY LOCATED SECOND REACTANT CHAMBER BETWEEN SAID 